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Observed performance metrics in laboratory models
Observed performance metrics in laboratory models
Research summary on S4 (also known as Andarine).
S-4 (Andarine) is a Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM)
S-4 (Andarine) is a Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) — originally developed for muscle wasting and osteoporosis.
In research settings, it has been shown to:
✔ Increase muscle mass while reducing fat.
✔ Support bone density improvements.
✔ Enhance muscular definition and vascularity.
📊 BODY COMPOSITION:
S-4 is often studied for its ability to reduce fat mass while preserving or increasing lean muscle.
🛡️ BONE HEALTH:
Research shows positive effects on bone strength and mineral density.
⚡ AESTHETIC BENEFITS:
May enhance muscle hardness and vascularity in trained subjects.
1. Agarwal, Deepali, Kamath, Divya, Gregory, Steven T, & O'Connor, Michael (2015). Modulation of decoding fidelity by ribosomal proteins S4 and S5.. Journal of bacteriology.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.02485-14
2.Ahmed, R, & Fields, B N (1982). Role of the S4 gene in the establishment of persistent reovirus infection in L cells.. Cell.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(82)90215-x
3.Ahn, Keun Soo, Han, Ho-Seong, Yoon, Yoo-Seok, & Cho, Jai Young (2011). Laparoscopic anatomic S4 segmentectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma.. Surgical laparoscopy, endoscopy & percutaneous techniques.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SLE.0b013e31822462c8
4. Alekov, A K, Peter, W, Mitrovic, N, Lehmann-Horn, F, & Lerche, H (2001). Two mutations in the IV/S4-S5 segment of the human skeletal muscle Na+ channel disrupt fast and enhance slow inactivation.. Neuroscience letters.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01895-x
5. Allen, P N, & Noller, H F (1989). Mutations in ribosomal proteins S4 and S12 influence the higher order structure of 16 S ribosomal RNA.. Journal of molecular biology.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(89)90509-3
6. Arhem, Peter (2004). Voltage sensing in ion channels: a 50-year-old mystery resolved?. Lancet (London, England).
Research summary on Ostarine (also known as MK-2866).
Ostarine, also known as Enobosarm or MK-2866, is a non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator.
Ostarine (MK-2866) is a Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) — which means it selectively binds to androgen receptors in muscle and bone tissue, promoting anabolic activity without the same level of androgenic effects seen with traditional anabolic steroids.
In research settings, it has been shown to:
✔ Increase lean muscle mass while in a caloric deficit.
✔ Improve muscle strength and functional performance
✔ Support bone density and joint health during periods of muscle atrophy risk.
📏 LEAN MUSCLE RETENTION:
In studies, Ostarine has demonstrated the ability to preserve and even increase lean muscle mass during periods of calorie restriction or immobilization, helping maintain strength and physical performance.
🛠️ BONE & JOINT SUPPORT:
Ostarine has shown positive effects on bone mineral density and may support joint health, potentially reducing injury risk during high-intensity training or rehabilitation.
⚡ FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE:
By enhancing anabolic signaling in muscle tissue, Ostarine can improve endurance, recovery rate, and overall functional output without significantly increasing water retention or fat mass.
1. Dalton JT et al., 2011 — Double-blind phase II in healthy elderly men & postmenopausal women
2. Dobs AS et al., 2013 — Phase II RCT in cancer patients with muscle wasting
3. Coss CC et al., 2016 — Clinical pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactionstudies
It’s technically not a SARM — but it’s often grouped with them because of how it's used.
It’s technically not a SARM — but it’s often grouped with them because of how it's used.
Cardarine is a PPAR delta agonist — which means it activates pathways in the tissue that turn stored fat into usable energy.
In research settings, Cardarine has been shown to:
✔ Increase respiratory oxygenation in lung tissue.
✔ Enhance fatty acid transport and oxidation.
✔ And support metabolic function — especially in skeletal muscle and cardiac tissue.
🔥 CARDIAC ENDURANCE:
In studies, Cardarine has shown to increase oxygen utilization in lung tissue — helping muscle tissue operate under higher workloads without depleting glycogen stores as rapidly.
🫓 FAT OXIDATION:
Cardarine activates genes involved in the fatty acid transport process. Additionally, it enhances intracellular fatty acid transport and oxidation, leading to more efficient energy utilization in muscle tissue.
⚡️ MUSCULAR ENDURANCE:
Cardarine enhances how efficiently cells produce energy — especially in skeletal muscle and heart tissue — allowing those systems to operate longer without fatiguing as quickly.
1. PPAR Promotes Running Endurance by Preserving Glucose <
https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/pdf/S1550-4131%2817%2930211-5.pdf
2. A metabolomic study of the PPAR agonist GW501516 for enhancing running endurance in Kunming mice
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep09884
3. Cardarine (GW501516) Effects on Improving Metabolic Syndrome
4. GW501516 (Cardarine): Pharmacological and Clinical Effects
https://www.scivisionpub.com/pdfs/gw501516-cardarine-pharmacological-and-clinical-effects-2879.pdf
5. Activation of PPAR signaling improves skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4551122/
6. PPAR-agonist GW501516 ameliorates insulin resistance in mice
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18684227/
7. Lipid effects of GW501516 in dyslipidemic subjects
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